問卷翻譯

看到一篇論文翻譯 LOTCA 時，採用 semantic equivalence...

But,
"A well-translated survey instrument should have semantic equivalence across languages, conceptual equivalence across cultures, and normative equivalence to the source survey.
Semantic equivalence refers to the words and sentence structure in the translated text expressing the same meaning as the source language.
Conceptual equivalence is when the concept being measured is the same across groups, although wording to describe it may be different.
Normative equivalence describes the ability of the translated text to address social norms that may differ across cultures." Source: UCSF.